Control, p.23
Control, page 23
The Passing of the Great Race (Grant), 66–67, 107–8, 124–25
Patau syndrome, 177
PCR technique, 178–79
Pearson, Karl, 14, 92–95, 106–7, 132
people with disabilities, 67–68, 69, 114, 224–25. See also specific syndromes, disorders and illnesses
phenotypes, defined, xii
philanthropy, 120
Pioneer Fund, 198
Planned Parenthood Federation of America, 69
Plato, 23–24
Ploetz, Alfred, 111–18, 121
polyandry, 53–54
polygamy, 33, 54
polygenic risk scores, 192–94
population growth/control
in Avengers: Endgame, 79
class and, 34–35
Galton’s views, 37
in India, 149–50
Malthus’s views, 34–35
Plato’s views, 24
Ploetz’s views, 113
resources and, 34–35
sexual abstinence and, 35
support for Galton’s ideas, 50
positive eugenics
overview, 16
Galton’s views, 47 (see also Galton, Francis)
improving stock, 53, 63, 69, 71–72
as linked to negative eugenics, 64
undesirable traits and, 54–55, 64
poverty
Chesterton’s views on eugenics, 80–81, 83
disadvantaged groups in US, 71
poor laws, 55
population growth and, 34–35
sterilization and, 86
pre-implantation genetic diagnoses (PGD), 177–80, 190–93
prenatal screening, 176–78
Princeton, 15
Principal Component Analysis, 94
Principles of Human Heredity and Racial Hygiene (Fischer, Baur, Lenz), 119, 124
prisons, 147, 148
privilege, 78
Project Prevention, 12
Prometea (cloned horse), 231
prostitution, 62
proteins, xii, 156, 182–83, 200
The Protocols of the Elders of Zion (fabricated text), 125
Punnett, Reginald, 88–89, 202
“quality,” 42, 111–12
R.A. Fisher Prize, 132
race, as term, 28
race, concept of, 94, 114
Race Betterment Foundation, 16, 29
racial hygiene, 9, 11, 110–11, 114. See also Rassenhygiene
racial purity, 114
racism
Churchill and, 74–75
The Descent of Man, 51–52
eugenic scientists overview, 14
Hereditary Genius, 45
London Conference on Intelligence, 198
Shockley, 190
skin color and crime, 64
ten races of humans, 112
See also immigration
Rassenhygiene, 9, 110–11, 113. See also racial hygiene
recessive genes, 201–3, 207
redheads, 206–7, 209
religion, 48–49, 57, 81–82, 81–83. See also specific religions
renamings/unnamings, 132–34
reproductive medicine tools overview, 180–82, 187
reproductive permission/rights, 69
Republic (Plato), 23–24
residential schools, 148–49
resources, 34–35
revolt in colonies, 56–57
Rhodes, Cecil, 57, 136–37
The Rising Tide of Color (Stoddard), 66, 108
Rockefeller, John D., 120
Rockefeller Foundation, 120, 141
Romans, 25, 97, 108–9
Roosevelt, Theodore, 9–10
royal commission on feeblemindedness, 76, 78
royalty, 82
Rüdin, Ernst, 146, 163–64
Rumsey, Mary Harriman, 65–66
rural people, 46
Rutherford, Adam, 14–15, 131, 134–35
Sabisky, Andrew, 197–98
Sanger, Margaret, 10, 69
schizophrenia, 163–66, 216–19, 234
science
Hitler and, 124
morality and, 153
as political, 5
real truth and, 27
vs. religion, 81–82
replacing religion, 57
scientific creed, 137–41, 189–99
scientists as historians, 108
as servicing knowledge and people, 153
supporting population control, 50
understanding heredity, 34
understanding sex, 34
scientific racism. See racism
scrapie, 228–29
sex
overview, 30–34
abstinence, 35
as choice, 32–33
genetics and evolution, 5
government control, 57
non-reproductive, 4, 32–33
sex workers, 62
sexual preferences, 214–15
sexual selection, 98
Sharp, H. C., 77
Shaw, George Bernard, 86
sheep, 228–29
Sherbon, Florence Brown, 70
Shockley, William, 190
sickle cell anemia, 202
Simon, Théodore, 68
single Mendelian inheritance, 89, 90
slavery, 7, 73
Slavic people, 117
Smigrodzki family, 194
social inheritance, 158
socialism, 86–88, 94, 100–101, 111. See also specific people
Society for Racial Hygiene (journal), 116
somatic gene therapy, 174–75
Spartans, 24, 110
Spengler, Oswald, 108
sperm, 31–32, 33–34, 115, 177, 231
starvation, 218–19
Station for Experimental Evolution, 62–63
statistics, 38, 43, 48, 49, 58, 98–99
sterilization, 42, 53, 63–64, 68, 190. See also forced sterilizations
“The Sterilization of Degenerates” (Sharp), 77
Stoddard, T. Lothrop, 66, 108
Stopes, Marie, 140–41
suffering, 181, 238
suffragists, 53
taxes, 97
technology (general), 4–5, 13–14, 17, 34. See also various technologies
Tellier, Laurent, 192–93
terminology, xii, 26–28
The Time Machine (Wells), 79–80
tissue and cells, 177, 188
Title X, 147–48
Training School at Vineland, 67–68
traits
overview, 200
choosing, 54, 193, 208, 210–11, 236 (see also eugenics)
Darwin’s views, 52
in dogs, 230
genes and, 104–5, 161, 162–72 (see also Mendelian inheritance; traits)
identifying and eugenics, 172
nature/nurture and, 81
as non-binary, 205–6
patterns in genes for diseases, 180
positive eugenics and, 54–55, 64
slave trade and, 73
See also specific traits
Trump, Donald, 59
Turner syndrome, 177
Tutsi peoples, 6
Twain, Mark, 137
twins, 26, 49, 121, 158–61
Uighur people, 149
unfit, 69
uniformity, 230–32
United Kingdom
activists and writers against eugenics, 79–81, 83, 137
Arthur Balfour Professor of Genetics post, 88–89, 95
Christianity and eugenics, 81–83
criticizing American eugenics, 92, 98–99, 102, 106–7, 140–41
declinism, 107
eugenic policies, 39, 74 (see also Churchill, Winston)
Eugenics Education Society, 82, 116, 140
Fisher, 15, 30–31, 95–97, 102–3, 132, 135 (see also The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection)
Galton Laboratory for National Eugenics, 14–15, 92, 95, 106
Pearson, 14, 92–95, 106–7, 132
scientists against eugenics, 99–103
socialism and eugenics, 86–88, 94
See also Feeble-Minded Control Bill; feeblemindedness; Galton, Francis
United States
overview, 28–29, 60–61
African Americans embracing eugenics, 72–74
declinism, 107
ERO (see Eugenics Record Office)
eugenic laws passed, 122
fear of immigration, 64
Fitter Family competitions, 69–70, 72–73
forced sterilizations, 141, 147
Germany and, 60, 67, 71, 119–21, 198
Goddard’s views, 67–68
Grant’s views, 66–67
ideas in The Great Gatsby, 65–66
influencing Nazis, 60
IQ and immigration, 42
personal reproductive restrictions, 63–64
R.A. Fisher Prize, 132
Sanger’s views, 69
UK criticizing, 92, 98–99, 102, 106–7, 140–41
United States of America v. Karl Brandt, et al., 128, 145
University College London (UCL), 14–16, 92–93, 131–32, 152
utopia, 23–24
vaccines, 173–74
“value,” 97, 98, 103, 216, 225, 235–36
variance, as term, 95
variants, 165–66, 170–71
vasectomies, 77, 150
Verschuer, Otmar Freiherr von, 121, 128–29, 135, 146
viruses, 172
in vitro fertilization (IVF), 4, 177, 180, 192–93, 210–11
Wallace, Alfred Russel, 48–49
war, 16
war crimes, 127–29, 146
Watts, Mary T., 70
Wedgwood, Josiah, 83, 137
Wells, H. G., 79–80
white people, 67, 70–71, 107–8
white supremacy/superiority
ancestry and, 215
The Great Gatsby, 65–66
Haeckel and, 112
Hereditary Genius, 45
lactose tolerance, 6
as moral duty, 57
Nordic theory, 66–67, 113, 117, 215
selective breeding and, 28–29
Wilson, Woodrow, 15
Wolverton, John, 90–91
women, 43–44, 53–54, 69, 150
Wonders of Life expo, 124
working class, 69–70
X chromosomes, xii, 103, 177, 202
X-linked genes, 202
X-linked mental retardation and adrenoleukodystrophy, 179
Y chromosomes, xii, 44, 179
Zweites Buch (Hitler), 110
ALSO BY ADAM RUTHERFORD
Creation
A Brief History of Everyone Who Ever Lived
The Book of Humans
How to Argue with a Racist
The Complete Guide to Absolutely Everything* (*Abridged) (with Hannah Fry)
Copyright © 2023 by Adam Rutherford
First American Edition 2023
First published in the UK in 2022 by Weidenfeld & Nicolson, an imprint of
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